Brutal Awakening
In brief: The effect of the Civil War on south central Missouri. The introduction of the Provost Marshal system and Oaths of Allegiance. The Battles of Wilson's Creek and Monday's Hollow. Formation of the Missouri State Militia and the Enrolled Missouri Militia.
Time period 1861 to 1863.
The Civil War disrupted the mercantile trade in Camden County and destroyed Missouri's economy. "Men who had been employed on the river loading and unloading cargos, men who hauled wagon loads over old salt roads to and from markets - all lolled on the streets or visited dram shops. Idle men sat on benches and whittled bass-wood."(1) Many Missouri men who had leanings toward the southern cause often joined the Union because they knew they would receive their pay vouchers each month. The Southern army was much poorer and did not always have the monetary means to support their soldiers.(2)
The federal government developed a system to control Missouri citizens during the Civil War. The state was divided into military districts and civil authority was suspended in favor of military rule or martial law. To oversee the citizens a provost marshal system - the use of military personnel to preserve order - began in 1861. Travel and trade were restricted by military personnel and by civilian boards that regulated which civilians engaged in legal commercial activity.
Loyalty Oath from 1862
http://genealogy.mohistory.org/images/genealogy/source_images/055_full.jpg
Civilians were required to take Oaths of Allegiance so that lists could be made of those "loyal" and "disloyal." Oaths were used during the American Revolution for the same purpose. Cavalry patrols regularly roamed the countryside on self-styled “scouts” looking for disloyalists, saboteurs, and guerrillas. The oath created an atmosphere of suspicion that encouraged neighbors to spy on and accuse each other of disloyalty. Class resentments certainly drove many such complaints against prominent landowners. As one Missourian of moderate means later sneered, “the cry of ‘disloyal’ could be very easily raised against any man who happened to have a superabundance of property.”(3) Civilian assessments were charged against citizens in the forms of levies, taxes, and bonds. Those who refused such levies had their property confiscated. In one military district alone, provost marshals required 612 persons to post bond in 1862, which ranged from one thousand to ten thousand dollars each. The provost in Palmyra, Missouri, reported taking in as much as $1 million in the same year."(3)
Battle of Wilson's Creek
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Battle_of_Wilsons_Creek.png
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Battle_of_Wilsons_Creek.png
The Battle of Wilson's Creek near Springfield, Missouri on August 10, 1861, was the bloodiest battle in the West, with about 2,500 casualties. Two of Seth's sons were with the Missouri State Guard at Wilson's Creek. Jacob Newton Manes was born August 11, 1843; he celebrated his 18th birthday at Wilson's Creek.(4) After the battle, Francis Marion Manes was in a Missouri State Guard hospital in Springfield with remittent fever.(5)
When word reached Pulaski County, "Callaway and Seth set off for Springfield. While the Manes brothers were in Springfield, the Union Army, commanded by General Franz Siegel, retreated from Springfield to Rolla, which was the end of the rail line at that time. The Union Army retreated right by the Manes homesteads and camped overnight on what was afterwards called the "Old Union Road." That night the soldiers burned all the rails in the fence on one side of the farm for firewood. A flock of sheep and all of the hogs and chickens were butchered for the army. General Siegel paid for the animals with script, but the Manes family was never able to collect any money for their stock."(4) The beaten Federal army encumbered by a train of Government wagons and refugees was estimated at seven miles long.(6) The men in the Osage Regiment Home Guard units joined the Union Army as it fell back to Jefferson City and remained in that area guarding and scouting up and down the railroad until October.
When word reached Pulaski County, "Callaway and Seth set off for Springfield. While the Manes brothers were in Springfield, the Union Army, commanded by General Franz Siegel, retreated from Springfield to Rolla, which was the end of the rail line at that time. The Union Army retreated right by the Manes homesteads and camped overnight on what was afterwards called the "Old Union Road." That night the soldiers burned all the rails in the fence on one side of the farm for firewood. A flock of sheep and all of the hogs and chickens were butchered for the army. General Siegel paid for the animals with script, but the Manes family was never able to collect any money for their stock."(4) The beaten Federal army encumbered by a train of Government wagons and refugees was estimated at seven miles long.(6) The men in the Osage Regiment Home Guard units joined the Union Army as it fell back to Jefferson City and remained in that area guarding and scouting up and down the railroad until October.
Francis Marion Manes was furloughed on September 12, 1861.(5) Returning home brought little peace. A month later a skirmish was fought nearby in Camden County between Union forces and the Missouri State Guard. The Union soldiers prevailed in the Battle of Monday's Hollow. An undetermined number of Missouri State Guard soldiers from Camden and surrounding counties were killed. Two days later the Union forces captured the town of Linn Creek.
Many Missouri State Guard soldiers were taken prisoner. On October 15, 1861, Colonel Wyman, Union officer, reported that he had several prisoners: "In closing this report I beg to say that I am much embarrassed with the prisoners I have now in keeping (88), all or nearly all of whom are guilty of high treason, and unless I soon receive orders from you I shall send then to Rolla with sufficient escort, with orders to Colonel Dodge to put them at work upon the fortifications there or send them to Saint Louis."(7)
Rolla, Missouri in 1862
Property of the National Park Service. Civil War Series: Battle of Pea Ridge. h http://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/civil_war_series/19/sec2.htm
Many Missouri State Guard soldiers were taken prisoner. On October 15, 1861, Colonel Wyman, Union officer, reported that he had several prisoners: "In closing this report I beg to say that I am much embarrassed with the prisoners I have now in keeping (88), all or nearly all of whom are guilty of high treason, and unless I soon receive orders from you I shall send then to Rolla with sufficient escort, with orders to Colonel Dodge to put them at work upon the fortifications there or send them to Saint Louis."(7)
Property of the National Park Service. Civil War Series: Battle of Pea Ridge. h http://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/civil_war_series/19/sec2.htm
James Laughlin was believed to be one of the casualties. His brother Henry Laughlin, brother-in-law of the Chitwood's, was taken prisoner. Henry was involved in a federal prisoner exchange in November, then served with the Confederate Army in Arkansas.(8) In December the remaining prisoners were transferred by rail car from Rolla to St. Louis.
Major Clark Wright wrote to his wife after arriving in St. Louis with the prisoners.: "I brought down 58 of those Fellows that I captured at Wet Glaze & Linn creek, we had a Fancy time with them. they were disperate creatures, and had an arrangement to make a stampede when we arrived at St Louis. I had but 25 Sentinals and arrived here at 8 oclock, and verry dark, and they supposed they could make good their escape Some of them at least but the Poor D__ls did not know who they Had to deal with. before arriving at the Depot, I ordered the sentinals, & Prisnors all locked up in the car. Ordered another line of Sentinals around the outside the car, while I took a carriage, and repaired to the military Prison, & brought up 27 Braces of Steel wristlets with a line chain. after getting the Jewelry properly adjusted, we marched the gentlemen out in pairs to the tune of the Rogues March, and deposited them for Safe Keeping in the Hands of the Military."(7)
Some of the prisoners took the Oath of Allegiance in early 1862, posted bonds, and returned home in time to plant crops.(9) They had survived brutal conditions in overcrowded prisons, and their families had struggled through a fall and winter without their labor and support.
Major Clark Wright wrote to his wife after arriving in St. Louis with the prisoners.: "I brought down 58 of those Fellows that I captured at Wet Glaze & Linn creek, we had a Fancy time with them. they were disperate creatures, and had an arrangement to make a stampede when we arrived at St Louis. I had but 25 Sentinals and arrived here at 8 oclock, and verry dark, and they supposed they could make good their escape Some of them at least but the Poor D__ls did not know who they Had to deal with. before arriving at the Depot, I ordered the sentinals, & Prisnors all locked up in the car. Ordered another line of Sentinals around the outside the car, while I took a carriage, and repaired to the military Prison, & brought up 27 Braces of Steel wristlets with a line chain. after getting the Jewelry properly adjusted, we marched the gentlemen out in pairs to the tune of the Rogues March, and deposited them for Safe Keeping in the Hands of the Military."(7)
Some of the prisoners took the Oath of Allegiance in early 1862, posted bonds, and returned home in time to plant crops.(9) They had survived brutal conditions in overcrowded prisons, and their families had struggled through a fall and winter without their labor and support.
Union men of the Osage Regiment Home Guards were mustered out - discharged from service - in December. The provisional government in Missouri had little money to pay and arm troops. In 1862 Union forces in Missouri "formed a new full-time state militia equipped and financed by the federal government, but under the control of Missouri's provisional governor. The new Missouri State Militia (MSM) would not serve outside the state except when necessary to directly defend it. The MSM was primarily a mounted force. Cavalry were necessary to pursue and confront fast moving mounted guerrillas, Confederate recruiters, and raiders."(10)
By order of Colonel McClurg, commander of the 8th Missouri State Militia Cavalry, Company G marched from Jefferson City to Linn Creek to establish a recruiting station there. Richard Chitwood was commissioned as Captain of the Eighth MSM Cavalry Company G with his brother William as FIrst Lieutenant. Colonel McClurg's brothers-in-law, Dubert E. Murphy and William B. Murphy, were Second Lieutenant and Sergeant of Company G. One of Harrison Elliott's sons was a Corporal and two others were Privates.(11) The Regiments of the MSM were equipped with a variety of weapons, some with muzzle-loading rifles. The men of the 8th Regiment were better armed; they carried Savage revolvers, as well as some Colts Army revolvers.(12)
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Colt-arme-1860-p1030159.jpg
By order of Colonel McClurg, commander of the 8th Missouri State Militia Cavalry, Company G marched from Jefferson City to Linn Creek to establish a recruiting station there. Richard Chitwood was commissioned as Captain of the Eighth MSM Cavalry Company G with his brother William as FIrst Lieutenant. Colonel McClurg's brothers-in-law, Dubert E. Murphy and William B. Murphy, were Second Lieutenant and Sergeant of Company G. One of Harrison Elliott's sons was a Corporal and two others were Privates.(11) The Regiments of the MSM were equipped with a variety of weapons, some with muzzle-loading rifles. The men of the 8th Regiment were better armed; they carried Savage revolvers, as well as some Colts Army revolvers.(12)
Union forces needed more troops. On July 22 General Schofield issued General Order 19 requiring every able-bodied man in Missouri to report to the nearest military post to become a member of the Enrolled Missouri Militia (EMM). "Over 18 and under 46 had to enroll in six days from the date of the order."
The next day, Colonel McClurg issued Special Order 26 transferring Captain Richard Chitwood from his assignment in Maries County back to Linn Creek. In response to General Order 19, the 47th Regiment Enrolled Missouri Militia (EMM) was organized at Linn Creek. The men serving in the 8th MSM were working full-time for the Army. The men enrolled in the 47th EMM were "on call" as needed in their local counties.
The purpose of the EMM was to provide protection in local counties. "These units were untrained and lacked even the lax discipline of the MSM. A distressing number of men took advantage of their newfound military authority to harass, or even rob or kill, neighbors against whom they bore grudges or whom they suspected or knew to be Southern sympathizers."(18)
The 47th Regiment's Adjutant, Louis Chalfant, worked for Joseph McClurg as a steamboat engineer. The Lt. Colonel was Thomas O'Halloran, an Irish immigrant who worked as a meat cutter in St. Louis, then came to Camden County to work for Joseph McClurg. The Manes folk "always hated old man O'Halloran with a hatred that was akin to poison, and he was always afraid of the Manes men."(4) Joshua Chitwood served as First Lieutenant of the 47th EMM Company G.(11)
The commanders of the Missouri State Guard merged with Confederate troops in Arkansas. The men were forced to choose between leaving Missouri to join the Confederate Army or returning to their homes. Jacob Newton Manes was furloughed from the Missouri State Guard at 19.(4)
General Order 24, issued in August 1862, required all disloyal men and those who had sympathized with the rebellion to report to the nearest military post or enrolling station, be enrolled, surrender their arms and return to their homes where they would be permitted to remain as long as they attended to their ordinary business and in no way gave aid or comfort to the enemy.(13) Neutrality was no longer an option.
The mixed loyalties of the men in the EMM units led to conflicts. In response to an investigation of militia management by the Missouri House of Representatives, Simon Hammer, Lieutenant of Company C, gave the following report about the 47th EMM: "One company was filled with rebels and rebel sympathizers, they at first having refused to serve but finding they had no promise of protection from the Federal authorities, afterwards organized into a company. Of the remaining eight companies, about three-fourths were strictly loyal."(14) Units suspected of Southern sympathies were nicknamed Paw Paws.(15)
J. D. Hurst, Captain of Company A reported: "There were seven companies of EMM raised in Camden County. They scouted Camden and Miller and Dallas counties and captured a good many rebels and a considerable quantity of property. At the time we were organized we were ordered to subsist off of rebels. The five companies that were loyal selected loyal men for their officers. The other two companies, G and F, elected some loyal and some disloyal. Company F was made mostly of men who had first joined the enemy. This regiment did no service than to remain at home, and keep order and peace. The 47th Regiment was called into active service on April 27th and kept in for thirty days, and there was but little corn raised in this county."(14) Many of the men that had been imprisoned in St. Louis over the past winter were enrolled in Company F.
Callaway's older sons, Albert and Sylvester, died before the war began. Seth's son, Francis Marion Manes, paid $300 in Commutation Tax in 1862, exempting him from service in Company G of the 47th EMM. "Each person liable to perform military service shall be exempt from service during each year on the annual payment of a commutation tax equal to ten (soon modified to thirty) dollars each, and one percent of the assessed value of his property." He was listed as "rebel" on the Muster Roll. The following year he was listed exempt as a teamster employed by the government. Callaway's younger son, William, served 100+ days in Company G, then the Muster Roll in 1863 listed him as absent without leave.(16)
Disarmed citizens quickly reported concerns. In July 1863, residents of Camden County met to form the Wet Glaize Union Patrol Guards because "stealing, robbing, and other crimes and misdemeanors are enacted in our midst with impunity." A detailed set of rules and regulations for the new organization was sent to General Brown. The letter requested that General Brown "order the Colonel at Linn Creek to give us our shotguns and rifles again."(17)
_________________________________________________________________
Sources:
(1) "A Place to Remember" Camden County History by Lucille Keller Harpham. Self-published in the 1980's. This book is available at several libraries.
(2) "Miller County in the Civil War" by Peggy Smith Hake. The article is available online at http://www.millercountymuseum.org/civilwar/cw_04.html.
(3) "Shadow War: Federal Military Authority and Loyalty Oaths in Civil War Missouri" by Christopher Phillips at the University of Cincinnati. The complete essay is available online at http://www.civilwaronthewesternborder.org/essay/shadow-war-federal-military-authority-and-loyalty-oaths-civil-war-missouri.
(4) Manuscript of family history and letters written by Samuel Jasper Manes and Jesse Gustin. These pages are contained in the collection edited by E.V. Brezeale. The collection is available on microfilm at the Springfield, Missouri Public Library or the microfilm may be requested at any LDS Family History Center.
(5) Missouri State Guard Hospital Registers July 5 - December 25, 1861. Civil War Collection at the Missouri History Museum. Online database of names. Pages from hospital registers can be requested online or by mail.
(6) Pioneer Times. July 1983. Mid-Missouri Genealogical Society, Inc. These publications are available at several libraries.
(7) The War Of the Rebellion: a compilation of the official records of the Union and Confederate armies. United States. War Dept., John Sheldon Moody, Calvin Duvall Cowles, Frederick Caryton Ainsworth, Robert N. Scott, Henry Martyn Lazelle, George Breckenridge Davis, Leslie J. Perry, Joseph William Kirkle. Published by the Government Printing Office in Washington, 1894. These records are available online at http://ebooks.library.cornell.edu/m/moa/,
(8) Order 484 from Office of Provost Marshal General. November 9, 1861. Online database of names. Copies of records available by mail from the Missouri State Archives in Jefferson City, Missouri.
http://s1.sos.mo.gov/records/archives/archivesdb/provost/default.aspx
(9) Oath of Allegiance. Online database of names. Copies of records available by mail from the Missouri State Archives in Jefferson City, Missouri. http://s1.sos.mo.gov/records/archives/archivesdb/provost/default.aspx
(10) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_State_Militia_%28Union%29
(11) Missouri State Archives online soldiers' database at http://s1.sos.mo.gov/records/archives/archivesdb/soldiers/
(12) The History Museum for Springfield,
http://www.springfieldhistorymuseum.org/archives/detail.php?AccessionNumber=1998-440-1&Q=Hickory%20Barren
(14) "Report of the Committee: Majority and Minority Reports with the Evidence." Missouri General Assembly House Committee to investigate the conduct and management of the Militia. W.A. Curry, 1864.
This report is available free online at google ebooks.
(15) Missouri Historical Review. October 2011. Published by the State Historical Society of Missouri and available at several libraries.
(16) Records of the 47th EMM Company G at the Missouri State Archives. Copies may be requested by mail, but it's difficult to determine which records have the desired information without going to Jefferson City and searching the folders.
(17) Letter written by A. Y. Carlton on July 31, 1863, at Wet Glaze, Camden County, Missouri, to General E. B. Brown. A copy of the letter can be requested by mail from the State Historical Society of Missouri.
(18) The Homefront in Civil War Missouri by James W. Erwin. Copyright 2014. The History Press.
Disarmed citizens quickly reported concerns. In July 1863, residents of Camden County met to form the Wet Glaize Union Patrol Guards because "stealing, robbing, and other crimes and misdemeanors are enacted in our midst with impunity." A detailed set of rules and regulations for the new organization was sent to General Brown. The letter requested that General Brown "order the Colonel at Linn Creek to give us our shotguns and rifles again."(17)
_________________________________________________________________
Sources:
(1) "A Place to Remember" Camden County History by Lucille Keller Harpham. Self-published in the 1980's. This book is available at several libraries.
(2) "Miller County in the Civil War" by Peggy Smith Hake. The article is available online at http://www.millercountymuseum.org/civilwar/cw_04.html.
(3) "Shadow War: Federal Military Authority and Loyalty Oaths in Civil War Missouri" by Christopher Phillips at the University of Cincinnati. The complete essay is available online at http://www.civilwaronthewesternborder.org/essay/shadow-war-federal-military-authority-and-loyalty-oaths-civil-war-missouri.
(4) Manuscript of family history and letters written by Samuel Jasper Manes and Jesse Gustin. These pages are contained in the collection edited by E.V. Brezeale. The collection is available on microfilm at the Springfield, Missouri Public Library or the microfilm may be requested at any LDS Family History Center.
(5) Missouri State Guard Hospital Registers July 5 - December 25, 1861. Civil War Collection at the Missouri History Museum. Online database of names. Pages from hospital registers can be requested online or by mail.
(6) Pioneer Times. July 1983. Mid-Missouri Genealogical Society, Inc. These publications are available at several libraries.
(7) The War Of the Rebellion: a compilation of the official records of the Union and Confederate armies. United States. War Dept., John Sheldon Moody, Calvin Duvall Cowles, Frederick Caryton Ainsworth, Robert N. Scott, Henry Martyn Lazelle, George Breckenridge Davis, Leslie J. Perry, Joseph William Kirkle. Published by the Government Printing Office in Washington, 1894. These records are available online at http://ebooks.library.cornell.edu/m/moa/,
(8) Order 484 from Office of Provost Marshal General. November 9, 1861. Online database of names. Copies of records available by mail from the Missouri State Archives in Jefferson City, Missouri.
http://s1.sos.mo.gov/records/archives/archivesdb/provost/default.aspx
(9) Oath of Allegiance. Online database of names. Copies of records available by mail from the Missouri State Archives in Jefferson City, Missouri. http://s1.sos.mo.gov/records/archives/archivesdb/provost/default.aspx
(10) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_State_Militia_%28Union%29
(11) Missouri State Archives online soldiers' database at http://s1.sos.mo.gov/records/archives/archivesdb/soldiers/
(12) The History Museum for Springfield,
http://www.springfieldhistorymuseum.org/archives/detail.php?AccessionNumber=1998-440-1&Q=Hickory%20Barren
(13) http://www.civilwarvirtualmuseum.org/guerrilla-warfare/anti-guerrilla-actions/enrolled-missouri-militia-broadside.php
This report is available free online at google ebooks.
(15) Missouri Historical Review. October 2011. Published by the State Historical Society of Missouri and available at several libraries.
(16) Records of the 47th EMM Company G at the Missouri State Archives. Copies may be requested by mail, but it's difficult to determine which records have the desired information without going to Jefferson City and searching the folders.
(17) Letter written by A. Y. Carlton on July 31, 1863, at Wet Glaze, Camden County, Missouri, to General E. B. Brown. A copy of the letter can be requested by mail from the State Historical Society of Missouri.
(18) The Homefront in Civil War Missouri by James W. Erwin. Copyright 2014. The History Press.
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